APUSH Period 9 Globalization and 1990s Economy
35 flashcards covering APUSH Period 9 Globalization and 1990s Economy for the AP-US-HISTORY Period 9 (1980–Present) section.
Period 9 of the AP United States History curriculum focuses on the significant changes in American society, economy, and politics from 1980 to the present, with a particular emphasis on globalization and the economic landscape of the 1990s. This period is defined by the College Board's APUSH curriculum framework, which outlines key themes and concepts that students are expected to understand, including the impact of technological advancements and the rise of a global economy.
In practice exams, questions related to this period often require students to analyze primary and secondary sources, compare economic policies, or evaluate the effects of globalization on American society. Common traps include confusing economic terms or overlooking the nuanced differences between domestic and international policies. Students may also misinterpret the significance of specific events, such as the dot-com bubble, which can lead to incorrect conclusions about the era's economic health. A practical tip for success is to pay close attention to how globalization influenced domestic policies and public sentiment, as this connection is frequently tested.
Terms (35)
- 01
What economic trend characterized the 1990s in the United States?
The 1990s were marked by significant economic growth, characterized by a booming technology sector, low unemployment rates, and a budget surplus by the end of the decade (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 02
How did globalization impact American businesses in the 1990s?
Globalization led to increased competition for American businesses as they faced both opportunities in foreign markets and challenges from international companies (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 03
What was the significance of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?
NAFTA, enacted in 1994, aimed to eliminate trade barriers between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, significantly increasing trade among the three nations (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 04
How did the internet influence the economy during the 1990s?
The internet revolutionized communication and commerce, leading to the rise of e-commerce and fundamentally changing business practices and consumer behavior (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 05
What was the primary cause of the dot-com bubble in the late 1990s?
The dot-com bubble was primarily driven by speculative investments in internet-based companies, leading to inflated stock prices that eventually crashed in 2000 (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 06
What role did the Federal Reserve play in the 1990s economy?
The Federal Reserve maintained a policy of low interest rates during the 1990s, which encouraged borrowing and investment, contributing to economic expansion (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 07
What was the impact of the 1996 Telecommunications Act?
The 1996 Telecommunications Act aimed to deregulate the telecommunications industry, fostering competition and leading to rapid advancements in technology and services (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 08
How did the welfare reform of 1996 change social safety nets?
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 reformed welfare by instituting work requirements and limiting benefits, shifting the focus from entitlement to employment (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 09
What was the primary focus of U.S. foreign policy in the 1990s?
U.S. foreign policy in the 1990s focused on promoting democracy and free markets, particularly in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union after the Cold War (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 10
What was the economic impact of the 2000 presidential election controversy?
The 2000 presidential election controversy, particularly the Florida recount, created uncertainty in financial markets, impacting investor confidence and economic stability (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 11
What technological advancement significantly affected the economy in the 1990s?
The rapid development and adoption of personal computers and the internet transformed business operations and led to the emergence of the tech industry as a major economic sector (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 12
How did the 1990s economic boom affect income inequality?
Despite overall economic growth, the 1990s saw an increase in income inequality, with wealth concentrating among the highest earners, raising concerns about economic disparity (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 13
What was the effect of the Asian financial crisis on the U.S. economy in the late 1990s?
The Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 led to a slowdown in global economic growth, affecting U.S. exports and contributing to a mild recession in 2001 (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 14
What was the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) established in 1995?
The WTO was established to regulate international trade and resolve trade disputes, promoting free trade and reducing tariffs among member nations (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 15
How did the 1990s economy influence the political landscape in the U.S.?
The economic prosperity of the 1990s contributed to the reelection of President Bill Clinton in 1996, as voters favored the incumbent due to strong economic performance (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 16
What was one major consequence of the end of the Cold War for the U.S. economy?
The end of the Cold War allowed the U.S. to reduce military spending, reallocating resources to domestic programs and contributing to the budget surplus in the 1990s (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 17
What were the implications of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997?
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 aimed to reduce the federal budget deficit and included provisions for Medicare and Medicaid, impacting healthcare funding (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 18
What was a significant cultural shift in the 1990s related to technology?
The 1990s saw a cultural shift towards digital communication and online interaction, significantly changing social dynamics and consumer habits (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 19
How did the U.S. respond to the Rwandan Genocide in 1994?
The U.S. response to the Rwandan Genocide was criticized for its inaction, reflecting a hesitance to intervene in humanitarian crises without clear national interests (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 20
What was the impact of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
The ADA prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities, ensuring equal access to employment, public accommodations, and transportation (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 21
What was the significance of the 1994 midterm elections?
The 1994 midterm elections resulted in a Republican takeover of Congress, marking a shift in political power and the emergence of the 'Contract with America' agenda (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 22
What economic challenges emerged by the end of the 1990s?
By the end of the 1990s, challenges such as the dot-com crash and looming recession began to surface, leading to economic uncertainty entering the new millennium (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 23
What was the purpose of the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act?
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act aimed to repeal parts of the Glass-Steagall Act, allowing commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies to consolidate (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 24
How did the 1990s economy affect education policy?
The economic prosperity of the 1990s led to increased funding for education and a focus on accountability measures like standardized testing (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 25
What was the role of the Internet in shaping the 1990s economy?
The Internet played a crucial role in shaping the 1990s economy by enabling e-commerce and transforming traditional business models (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 26
What was the impact of the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act?
The Family and Medical Leave Act allowed eligible employees to take unpaid leave for family and medical reasons, promoting work-life balance (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 27
What economic policy was emphasized during the Clinton administration?
The Clinton administration emphasized fiscal responsibility, including budget surpluses and welfare reform, aimed at reducing the federal deficit (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 28
What was the significance of the 1998 Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act?
The 1998 act provided tax cuts and aimed to stimulate economic growth, reflecting the administration's focus on fiscal policy (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 29
How did the U.S. economy perform in the late 1990s?
The U.S. economy experienced robust growth in the late 1990s, characterized by low unemployment and rising stock market values (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 30
What was the effect of the 1990s economic policies on the federal deficit?
Economic policies in the 1990s, including budget surpluses, led to a significant reduction in the federal deficit by the end of the decade (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 31
How did the 1990s influence consumer culture?
The 1990s saw a rise in consumer culture driven by technological advancements, leading to increased spending on electronics and entertainment (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 32
What was the main focus of the U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold War era?
Post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy focused on promoting democracy, human rights, and free trade globally (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 33
What was the significance of the 1999 Seattle WTO protests?
The Seattle WTO protests highlighted public opposition to globalization and trade policies, raising awareness about labor and environmental issues (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 34
How did the 1990s economy influence immigration patterns?
The economic boom of the 1990s attracted immigrants seeking job opportunities, contributing to a diverse workforce (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).
- 35
What was the impact of the 1994 Crime Bill?
The 1994 Crime Bill aimed to reduce crime rates through increased funding for police and tougher sentencing laws, but it also faced criticism for contributing to mass incarceration (College Board AP Course and Exam Description).