AP Bio 7.2 Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
31 flashcards covering AP Bio 7.2 Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium for the AP-BIOLOGY Unit 7 section.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is a fundamental concept in population genetics that describes the genetic variation of a population under certain ideal conditions. Defined by the College Board's AP Biology Curriculum Framework, it outlines how allele and genotype frequencies remain constant over generations in the absence of evolutionary influences. Understanding this equilibrium helps students grasp the mechanisms of evolution and the factors that disrupt genetic stability.
In AP Biology assessments, Hardy-Weinberg questions often appear in multiple-choice and free-response formats, requiring students to calculate allele frequencies or analyze scenarios that illustrate deviations from equilibrium. A common pitfall is misapplying the equilibrium conditions; students may overlook factors such as genetic drift or gene flow that can alter allele frequencies. Additionally, they might confuse the equations p² + 2pq + q² with the conditions necessary for equilibrium.
One practical tip is to regularly practice problems involving real populations, as this helps reinforce the concept and its applications in real-world scenarios.
Terms (31)
- 01
What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
The five conditions are: 1) large population size, 2) no mutations, 3) no migration, 4) random mating, and 5) no natural selection. These conditions ensure that allele frequencies remain constant over generations (College Board AP CED).
- 02
How is the Hardy-Weinberg principle mathematically expressed?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle is expressed as p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele (College Board AP CED).
- 03
What does the term 'p' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 'p' represents the frequency of the dominant allele in a population (College Board AP CED).
- 04
What does the term 'q' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 'q' represents the frequency of the recessive allele in a population (College Board AP CED).
- 05
What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in population genetics?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a baseline to measure evolutionary change in a population, indicating when evolutionary forces are acting (College Board AP CED).
- 06
How can the Hardy-Weinberg principle be used to predict genotype frequencies?
By knowing the allele frequencies (p and q), the Hardy-Weinberg principle allows prediction of genotype frequencies using the equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 (College Board AP CED).
- 07
What does it mean if a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it suggests that one or more evolutionary forces, such as natural selection or genetic drift, are acting on the population (College Board AP CED).
- 08
How does genetic drift affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Genetic drift can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by causing random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations (College Board AP CED).
- 09
What role does mutation play in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Mutations introduce new alleles into a population, which can alter allele frequencies and disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 10
How does migration influence Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Migration can alter allele frequencies by introducing or removing alleles from a population, thus disrupting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 11
What is the impact of natural selection on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Natural selection can change allele frequencies over time, leading to a departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium as certain traits become more advantageous (College Board AP CED).
- 12
What is the importance of random mating in maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Random mating ensures that allele frequencies remain stable by preventing selective mating that could skew genotype frequencies (College Board AP CED).
- 13
In a population where p = 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive allele q?
If p = 0.7, then q can be calculated as q = 1 - p, which gives q = 0.3 (College Board AP CED).
- 14
If a population has 36% homozygous recessive individuals, what is the value of q?
If 36% of the population is homozygous recessive (q²), then q can be found by taking the square root of 0.36, which gives q = 0.6 (College Board AP CED).
- 15
What is the expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals if p = 0.4?
If p = 0.4, the expected frequency of homozygous dominant individuals is p² = (0.4)² = 0.16 (College Board AP CED).
- 16
How does the concept of gene flow relate to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Gene flow, or the movement of alleles between populations, can alter allele frequencies and disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 17
What is the effect of inbreeding on a population's genetic diversity?
Inbreeding reduces genetic diversity and can lead to an increase in homozygosity, potentially disrupting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 18
How can you determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
To determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, compare observed genotype frequencies to expected frequencies calculated using p², 2pq, and q² (College Board AP CED).
- 19
What is the relationship between allele frequency and evolutionary change?
Changes in allele frequencies over generations indicate evolutionary change, which can be assessed using the Hardy-Weinberg principle (College Board AP CED).
- 20
What is the expected genotype frequency if p = 0.5 and q = 0.5?
If p = 0.5 and q = 0.5, the expected genotype frequencies are: homozygous dominant = 0.25, heterozygous = 0.5, homozygous recessive = 0.25 (College Board AP CED).
- 21
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used for in population genetics?
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to calculate expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies, serving as a model for genetic stability (College Board AP CED).
- 22
What is the significance of a large population size in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A large population size minimizes the effects of genetic drift, helping to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by stabilizing allele frequencies (College Board AP CED).
- 23
What is the impact of sexual selection on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Sexual selection can lead to non-random mating, which may alter genotype frequencies and disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 24
How does the Hardy-Weinberg principle relate to the concept of evolution?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle serves as a null hypothesis for evolution, indicating that if allele frequencies change, evolution is occurring (College Board AP CED).
- 25
What is the expected proportion of homozygous dominant individuals if q = 0.2?
If q = 0.2, the expected proportion of homozygous dominant individuals is p² = (1 - q)² = (0.8)² = 0.64 (College Board AP CED).
- 26
What factors can disrupt the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Factors such as mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and non-random mating can disrupt the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 27
How can scientists use the Hardy-Weinberg principle in conservation biology?
Scientists can use the Hardy-Weinberg principle to assess genetic diversity and population structure, aiding in conservation efforts (College Board AP CED).
- 28
What is the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals if p = 0.3?
If p = 0.3, then q = 0.7, and the expected frequency of homozygous recessive individuals is q² = (0.7)² = 0.49 (College Board AP CED).
- 29
What does it mean for a population to be in genetic equilibrium?
A population in genetic equilibrium is one where allele frequencies remain constant over generations, indicating no evolutionary change (College Board AP CED).
- 30
What is the significance of allele frequency stability in a population?
Stability in allele frequencies suggests that the population is not undergoing evolutionary change, consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (College Board AP CED).
- 31
How does the Hardy-Weinberg principle apply to real-world populations?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle provides a theoretical framework for understanding genetic variation and evolution in natural populations, though few populations meet all conditions (College Board AP CED).